Abstract Objective: The aim of our study was to evaluate the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 as a prognostic factor in patients diagnosed with Hodgkin Lymphoma (HL). Methods: In the present study, 45 paraffin biopsies from patients up to 19 years old diagnosed with HL were used in two referral hospitals in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. Risk groups were classified into favorable and unfavorable, according to Ann Arbor. The expression of matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 and their inhibitors was performed by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Data were analyzed using the GraphPad Prism 5 program. Results: MMP-2 intensity pattern was stronger (> 10% of the total field) in patients with stage III/ IV and B symptoms. MMP-2 showed an association with the risk group (p = 0.0388). That is, the stronger the MMP-2 marking, the greater the unfavorable risk. However, for MMP-9 there was no difference in the stronger intensity pattern in relation to stages I/II and III/IV, only in the presence of B symptoms. MMP-9 showed an association with B Symptoms (p = 0.0411). Therefore, patients with B symptoms have higher MMP-9 expression. Conclusion: Our results suggest that MMP-2 expression is associated with HL progression. While MMP-9 expression is related to the clinical worsening of these patients. However, further studies are needed to evaluate the exact role of these proteins in hematologic malignancies.

The study of the spectrum of light has increased its range of action in the field of chemistry, with the help of several advanced equipment and innovative techniques that have become a strong ally of analytical chemistry. However, the simplicity of obtaining results integrated with mobile devices appears as an interesting path to be taken in the field of chemical analysis. This work addresses the dissemination of an application called REDGIM for smartphones on the Android platform capable of working with multivariate image analysis using chemometric methods through the luminous intensities of photos and R (red), G (green) and B (blue) channels. In order to show the potential of REDGIM, we propose two applications using the partial least squares (PLS) regression method: 1) quantification of free chlorine in tap water; and 2) quantification of cannabinol, (CBN, a type of cannabinoid) in marijuana and hashish samples. The free chlorine concentration obtained for two investigated samples was 0.73 and 0.74 mg L-1 and 0.74 and 0.76 mg L-1 by the spectrophotometer and by the application (container: cuvette), respectively. For the quantification of CBN in marijuana and hashish samples, the mean concentration ranged from 6.137 to 8.823 mg mL-1. The results obtained by the application are compatible with results from traditional techniques, such as UV-Vis spectrophotometry, for example. Therefore, REDGIM was proved to be a simple and accessible technological tool for the scientific community, being viable for chemical tests of a multivariate nature.

Resumo A radiação solar é uma variável climatológica amplamente utilizada em estudos climáticos e pode ser mensurada por meio de estações meteorológicas. Devido ao alto custo e difícil manutenção dos equipamentos de mensuração, é possível estimá-la a partir de modelos matemáticos. Assim, o presente estudo objetivou calibrar e validar os parâmetros da equação de ångström-Prescott e de Hargreaves & Samani para realizar a estimativa da radiação solar incidente em Goiânia, Goiás. Dados históricos diários de temperatura máxima (Tmax; °C) e mínima (Tmin; °C), radiação solar incidente (Rs, MJ m-2 dia-1) e duração da insolação (n, h dia-1) da região foram utilizados. Os parâmetros foram calibrados para períodos mensais e sazonais empregando o método dos mínimos quadrados. Os parâmetros estimados foram validados por meio do índice de concordância (d), do coeficiente de correlação (r) e da raiz do erro quadrático médio (RMSE). O parâmetro kRs variou de 0,12 a 0,14 enquanto o parâmetro a variou entre 0,06 e 0,43 e o b de 0,16 a 0,72. As estimativas nos períodos sazonais apresentaram melhor desempenho quando comparadas aos mensais. Os índices obtidos demonstraram boas estimativas para os parâmetros nos períodos sazonais, sendo adequados para estimar a radiação solar no município de Goiânia.

Abstract Solar radiation is a climatological variable widely used in climate studies and can be measured using meteorological stations. Due to the high cost and complex maintenance of measurement equipment, it is possible to estimate it using mathematical models. Thus, the present study aimed to calibrate and validate the parameters of the ångström-Prescott and Hargreaves & Samani equation to estimate the solar radiation incident in Goiânia, Goiás. Daily maximum temperature historical data (Tmax; °C) and minimum (Tmin; °C), incident solar radiation (Rs, MJ m-2 dia-1) and sunshine duration (n, h dia-1) in the region were used. The parameters were calibrated for monthly and seasonal periods using the least-squares method. The estimated parameters were validated using the Willmott index (d), the correlation coefficient (r), and the root of the mean square error (RMSE). The parameter kRs varied from 0.12 to 0.14, while the parameter a ranged between 0.06 and 0.43, and the b varied from 0.16 to 0.72. The estimates in the seasonal periods performed better when compared to the monthly ones. The obtained indices demonstrated satisfactory estimates for the seasonal periods' parameters, being adequate to estimate the solar radiation in the Goiânia.

Abstract Inflammatory dermatoses are prevalent worldwide, with impacts on the quality of life of patients and their families. The aim of this study was to determine the anti-inflammatory effects of Achyrocline satureioides oily extracts and nanocapsules on the skin using a mouse model of irritant contact dermatitis induced by croton oil, and a skin inflammation model induced by ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation. The mice were treated with 15 mg/ear oily extract (HG-OLAS) or nanocapsules (HG-NCAS) of A. satureioides incorporated into Carbopol® 940 hydrogels. We found that HG-OLAS and HG-NCAS formulations reduced ear edema in croton oil-induced lesions with maximum inhibitions of 54±7% and 74±3%, respectively. HG-OLAS and HG-NCAS formulations decreased ear edema induced by UVB radiation (0.5 J/cm2), with maximum inhibitions of 68±6% and 76±2% compared to the UVB radiation group, respectively. HG-OLAS and HG-NCAS modulated myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity after croton oil induction. Furthermore, croton oil and UVB radiation for 6 and 24 h, respectively, stimulated polymorphonuclear cells infiltration. The topical treatments reduced inflammatory processes, as shown by histological analysis. Together, the data suggest that topical application of A. satureioides oily extracts and nanocapsules produced antiedematogenic and anti-inflammatory effects. They constitute a compelling alternative for treatment of skin injuries.

ABSTRACT Lacaziosis is a cutaneous mycosis caused by the fungus Lacazia loboi, described in different countries of Latin America and prevalent in the Amazon region. The ineffective immune response against the agent seems to be related to a Th2 pattern of cytokines. There are few reports exploring elements of the humoral response in these lesions. Our aim was to investigate some elements focusing on B cells, plasma cells and local expression of IgG and IgM antibodies. Forty skin biopsies of lower limbs were selected. The diagnosis of lacaziosis was based on direct mycological examination and histological analysis. The visualization of fungal cells was improved by using Gridley’s staining. An immunohistochemical protocol was performed to detect the expression of B cells, plasma cells, IgG and IgM. A double staining was performed to explore the presence of yeasts in the cytoplasm of keratinocytes, using an anti-AE1 AE3 antibody over Gridley’s staining. The inflammatory infiltrate consisted of macrophages, multinucleated giant cells, lymphocytes, and fibrosis. Fungal cells were frequent in the stratum corneum and in both, the dermis and, in 50% of the specimens, also in the epidermis. Cells expressing IgG were more abundant when compared to cells expressing IgM. B cells and the presence of IgG might indicate that the humoral response promotes a Th2 immune response resulting in an anti-inflammatory phenotype. Our results lead us to suggest a possible role of B cells and immunoglobulins in the mechanisms of lacaziosis pathogenesis.

Resumo A região de estudo foi o MATOPIBA, localizado no norte do Cerrado Brasileiro. Esta região vem ganhando destaque pela expansão de área agrícolas nos últimos anos. Desta forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi ajustar parâmetros para estimativa da intensidade-duração-frequência de chuva, e identificar áreas agrícolas com maior risco de erosão baseado nos índices de erosividade e erodibilidade. As funções de intensidade-duração-frequência de chuva foram ajustadas usando series de valor máximo de chuva de 105 estações pluviométricas. O modelo Gumbel foi o que melhor simulou a distribuição de máxima intensidade de chuva, usada para ajustar os coeficientes K, a, b e c da relação intensidade-duração-frequência. A maioria das estações obteve intensidades entre 51 e 80 mm h-1, e 81 e 120 mm h-1, respectivamente, para período de retorno de 2 e 100 anos com duração de 30 minutos. As maiores intensidades foram observadas na região central-norte, que está associada ao sistemas de chuvas. A intensidade de chuva mostrou-se capaz de causar elevado risco de erosão, considerando a energia de erosividade. Enquanto que erodibilidade apresentou moderado risco para latossolos e neossolos litólicos, e baixo para neossolos quartzarênicos.

Abstract The region of study was MATOPIBA, located in the north of Brazilian Savanna biome (Cerrado), encompassing part of north/northeast of Brazil. The region has been gaining prominence in the last years due to the expansion of agricultural over this area. The aims of this study were: to adjust parameters for rainfall intensity-duration-frequency; and to identify the most vulnerable agricultural areas to erosion based on erosivity and erodibility. The rainfall intensity-duration-frequency function were adjusted using series of maximum annual rainfall event from 105 rainfall gauges. Gumbel model was the most efficient to simulate the maximum rainfall intensity, where these data were used to adjusted the rainfall intensity-duration-frequency model based on K, a, b and c parameters. The most rainfall gauges showed intensity between 51 and 80 mm h-1 and 81 and 120 mm h-1, respectively, for return period of 2 and 100 years with rainfall duration of 30 minutes. The higher rainfall intensity was observed mainly in the central-north of the region associated with rainfall systems. The rainfall intensity showed a huge capacity to cause soil erosion based on the erosivity energy, while the moderate erodibility was observed for areas with Ferralsols and Leptosols and low erodibility for areas with Arenosols.

Resumo Objetivo: analisar os fatores sociodemográficos relacionados ao não uso do preservativo nas relações sexuais e a prevalência de infecções sexualmente transmissíveis (IST) em comunidades rurais de Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brasil, entre 2014 e 2016. Métodos: foram coletados dados de entrevista individual e realizados testes rápidos; as associações foram testadas pelo modelo de regressão de Poisson, com intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC95%). Resultados: foram detectados 3,8 casos/10 mil habitantes de hepatite B e sífilis, e 1,3/10 mil hab. de hepatite C; não foram detectados casos de HIV; na análise multivariada, foram encontradas maiores prevalências de não uso de preservativos entre indivíduos casados/em união estável/viúvos (RP=1,20 - IC95% 1,06;1,36). Conclusão: o grupo com maior prevalência de não uso de preservativo é o de pessoas com relacionamento fixo; novos casos de sífilis e de hepatites virais foram detectados pelo teste rápido, aplicado no inquérito.

Abstract Objective: to investigate socio-demographic factors associated with non-use of condoms, and to describe the prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STI) in rural communities of Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 2014 to 2016. Methods: data were gathered from individual interviews and rapid tests were performed; associations were tested using Poisson regression, with a 95% confidence interval (95%CI). Results: we detected 3.8 cases/10,000 inhabitants for hepatitis B and syphilis, and 1.3 cases/10,000 inhabitants for hepatitis C; no HIV cases were detected; in the multivariate analysis we found higher prevalence rates of condom non-use among the group of individuals who were married, had common law partners or were widowed (PR=1.20 - 95%CI 1.06;1.36). Conclusion: individuals in a stable relationship formed the group with the highest prevalence rate of condom non-use; new syphilis and viral hepatitis cases were detected using rapid tests during the survey.

Resumen Objetivo: investigar el perfil sociodemográfico asociado al no uso del preservativo en las relaciones sexuales y describir la prevalencia de infecciones de transmisión sexual (ITS) en comunidades rurales de Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brasil, entre 2014 y 2016. Métodos: se recolectaron datos en entrevista individual y se realizaron pruebas rápidas; las asociaciones fueron analizadas por la regresión de Poisson, con intervalo de confianza de 95% (IC95%). Resultados: se detectaron 3,8 casos/10 mil habitantes de hepatitis B y sífilis, y 1,3/10 mil habitantes de hepatitis C; no se detectaron casos de VIH; el análisis multivariado mostró mayor prevalencia de no uso del preservativo para personas casadas /en unión estable/viudos (RP=1,20 - IC95% 1,06;1,36). Conclusión: se detectaron nuevos casos de sífilis y hepatitis virales por las pruebas rápidas en esta investigación; el grupo de mayor riesgo de no usar preservativo fue de personas casadas/con relación fija.

Resumo Objetivo: analisar os fatores sociodemográficos relacionados ao não uso do preservativo nas relações sexuais e a prevalência de infecções sexualmente transmissíveis (IST) em comunidades rurais de Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brasil, entre 2014 e 2016. Métodos: foram coletados dados de entrevista individual e realizados testes rápidos; as associações foram testadas pelo modelo de regressão de Poisson, com intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC95%). Resultados: foram detectados 3,8 casos/10 mil habitantes de hepatite B e sífilis, e 1,3/10 mil hab. de hepatite C; não foram detectados casos de HIV; na análise multivariada, foram encontradas maiores prevalências de não uso de preservativos entre indivíduos casados/em união estável/viúvos (RP=1,20 - IC95% 1,06;1,36). Conclusão: o grupo com maior prevalência de não uso de preservativo é o de pessoas com relacionamento fixo; novos casos de sífilis e de hepatites virais foram detectados pelo teste rápido, aplicado no inquérito.

Abstract Objective: to investigate socio-demographic factors associated with non-use of condoms, and to describe the prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STI) in rural communities of Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 2014 to 2016. Methods: data were gathered from individual interviews and rapid tests were performed; associations were tested using Poisson regression, with a 95% confidence interval (95%CI). Results: we detected 3.8 cases/10,000 inhabitants for hepatitis B and syphilis, and 1.3 cases/10,000 inhabitants for hepatitis C; no HIV cases were detected; in the multivariate analysis we found higher prevalence rates of condom non-use among the group of individuals who were married, had common law partners or were widowed (PR=1.20 - 95%CI 1.06;1.36). Conclusion: individuals in a stable relationship formed the group with the highest prevalence rate of condom non-use; new syphilis and viral hepatitis cases were detected using rapid tests during the survey.

Resumen Objetivo: investigar el perfil sociodemográfico asociado al no uso del preservativo en las relaciones sexuales y describir la prevalencia de infecciones de transmisión sexual (ITS) en comunidades rurales de Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brasil, entre 2014 y 2016. Métodos: se recolectaron datos en entrevista individual y se realizaron pruebas rápidas; las asociaciones fueron analizadas por la regresión de Poisson, con intervalo de confianza de 95% (IC95%). Resultados: se detectaron 3,8 casos/10 mil habitantes de hepatitis B y sífilis, y 1,3/10 mil habitantes de hepatitis C; no se detectaron casos de VIH; el análisis multivariado mostró mayor prevalencia de no uso del preservativo para personas casadas /en unión estable/viudos (RP=1,20 - IC95% 1,06;1,36). Conclusión: se detectaron nuevos casos de sífilis y hepatitis virales por las pruebas rápidas en esta investigación; el grupo de mayor riesgo de no usar preservativo fue de personas casadas/con relación fija.

The use of serum containing polyclonal antibodies from animals immunized with toxins marked the beginning of the application of antibody-based therapy in late nineteenth century. Advances in basic research led to the development of the hybridoma technology in 1975. Eleven years later, the first therapeutic monoclonal antibody (mAb) was approved, and since then, driven by technological advances, the development of mAbs has played a prominent role in the pharmaceutical industry. In this review, we present the developments to circumvent problems of safety and efficacy arising from the murine origin of the first mAbs and generate structures more similar to human antibodies. As of October 2017, there are 61 mAbs and 11 Fc-fusion proteins in clinical use. An overview of all mAbs currently approved is provided, showing the development of sophisticated mAbs formats that were engineered based on the challenges posed by therapeutic indications, including antibody-drug conjugates (ADC) and glycoengineered mAbs. In the field of immunotherapy, the use of immunomodulators, bispecific mAbs and CAR-T cells are highlighted. As an example of promising therapy to treat infectious diseases, we discuss the generation of neutralizing monoclonal-oligoclonal antibodies obtained from human B cells. Scientific and technological advances represent mAbs successful translation to the clinic.

Abstract Orofacial pain and temporomandibular dysfunction may cause chronic facial pain, which may interfere with the emotional state and food intake of patients with eating disorders (ED), such as anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN). Sixty-four patients were assigned to four groups: Group A (AN – restricting subtype): 07; Group B (AN – purging subtype ): 19; Group C (BN): 16; and Group D (control): 22. Complaints of pain are more prevalent in individuals with eating disorders (p<0.004). There are differences between the presence of myofascial pain and the number of hospitalizations (p = 0.046) and the presence of sore throat (p=0.05). There was a higher prevalence of masticatory myofascial pain and complaints of pain in other parts of the body in ED patients; however, there was no difference between ED subgroups. There was no difference in the number of self-induced vomiting between ED patients with and without myofascial pain.

RESUMO O objetivo desse estudo foi investigar associações entre o desempenho motor, estado nutricional e atividades cotidianas de crianças com Desordem Coordenativa Desenvolvimental, risco de DCD e desenvolvimento típico antes e após uma intervenção motora. Participaram do estudo 48 crianças (5 à 7 anos), distribuídas em grupo interventivo (n=24) e grupo controle (n=24) avaliadas com MABC-2, MABC-2 Checklist, Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC) e circunferência abdominal . Na pré-intervenção correlações significativas e positivas foram encontradas entre desempenho motor e IMC para o total da amostra e para as crianças com DCD. Na pós-intervenção correlações significativas e positivas foram encontradas entre o desempenho motor e seção B do check-list para o total de crianças da amostra e para as crianças com risco de DCD do grupo interventivo. Programas interventivos contribuem para minimizar a influência de fatores prejudiciais para o alcance da proficiência motora de crianças com e sem atrasos motores.

ABSTRACT The aim this study is investigate the relations among important factors regarding to motor development, body mass index and daily activities of children with Developmental Coordination Disorder, at risk of DCD and typically developing children before and after an motor intervention. Participants were 48 children (5 to 7 year-old) designed in intervention group (n=24) and control group (n=24) assessed using the MABC-2, MABC-2 Checklist, body mass index (BMI) and abdominal circumference. At pre test were found significant and positive correlation between motor development and BMI for all participants and for children with DCD. At the post test, for all children and for children in risk of DCD, significant and positive correlations were found between motor development and section B of check list. Intervention programs contribute to minimize the influence of risk factors in the achievement of motor proficiency of children with and without motor delays.

RESUMO As rizobácterias promotoras de crescimento de plantas surgem como alternativa para incrementar a produtividade, agregando valor ao sistema produtivo de culturas como o quiabeiro. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar o rendimento agronômico de duas cultivares de quiabeiro após a microbiolização das sementes com nove cepas de rizobactérias. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos inteiramente casualizados, em esquema fatorial 2x10, sendo dois genótipos de quiabo, cultivar Santa Cruz 47 e híbrido Dardo, nove cepas de rizobactéria, LEBM 103, 105, 109, 112, 118, 134, 135, 152 e 154, além de uma testemunha (sem microbiolização), com quatro repetições. As variáveis analisadas foram: número de frutos por planta (NFP); diâmetro médio dos frutos (DM); produtividade (PDT); massa fresca dos frutos por planta (MFFP) e massa média por fruto (MMF). Verificou-se que a utilização das rizobactérias LEBM 109, 112, 152 e 154 condicionou maiores valores de MFFP (1202,7; 1086,5; 1158,2 e 1175,9 g, respectivamente), PDT (24,1; 21,7; 23,2 e 23,5 t/ha, respectivamente) e NFP (78,0; 69,4; 73,27 e 76,5, respectivamente), em relação às demais cepas e à não utilização da microbiolização das sementes do hibrido Dardo. Para a cultivar Santa Cruz 47 as rizobactérias LEBM 105, 112 e 152 proporcionaram maiores valores de MFFP (896,7; 769,0 e 762,2 g, respectivamente). Avaliando-se os genótipos ao utilizar cada rizobactéria, para as variáveis MFFP e PDT, verificou-se que apenas para a rizobactéria LEBM 105, não houve diferenças entre os genótipos. Conclui-se, que a microbiolização de sementes de quiabo com rizobactérias pode proporcionar ganhos de produtividade e com potencial de se tornar uma técnica viável. As rizobactérias mais recomendadas para o cultivo do híbrido Dardo são a LEBM 109, 112, 152 e 154, enquanto para o cultivo da cv. Santa Cruz 47 são as cepas LEBM 105, 112 e 152.

ABSTRACT Plant-growth promoting rhizobacteria are an alternative to increase the productivity, adding value to the productive system of crops like okra. We aimed to evaluate the agronomic characteristics of okra genotypes after seed microbiolization with nine strains of rhizobacteria. The experimental design was in randomized blocks, in a 2x10 factorial scheme, using two okra genotypes, cultivar Santa Cruz 47 and hybrid Dardo, nine strains of rhizobacteria, LEBM 103, 105, 109, 112, 118, 134, 135, 152 and 154 and one control (without microbiolization), with four replications. We analyzed number of fruits per plant (NFP), average diameter of fruits (DM), productivity (PDT); fresh mass of fruits per plant (MFFP) and average mass of fruit (MMF). The rhizobacteria strains LEBM 109, 112, 152 and 154 provided the highest values for MFFP (1202.7; 1086.5; 1158.2 and 1175.9 g, respectively) PDT (24.1; 21.7; 23.2 and 23.5 t/ha, respectively) and NFP (78.0; 69.4; 73.27 and 76.5, respectively) in relation to the other strains and the non-use of seed microbiolization of hybrid Dardo. For cultivar Santa Cruz 47, the rhizobacteria LEBM 105, 112 and 152 provided the highest values for MFFP (896.7; 769.0 and 762.2 g, respectively). Evaluating genotypes when using each rhizobacteria, for MFFP and PDT, only for LEBM 105, no difference among genotypes was noticed, so, we concluded that okra seed microbiolization with rhizobacteria may provide productivity gain with possibility to become a feasible technique. The rhizobacteria which are the most recommended for growing hybrid Dardo are LEBM 109, 112, 152 and 154, whereas for growing cultivar Santa Cruz 47 are LEBM 105, 112 and 152.

BACKGROUND Many studies have identified mutations in the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) as important factors limiting the ability of commercial serological assays to detect this viral antigen. However, an association between mutations in the HBsAg gene and the occurrence of occult HBV infection (OBI) in patients has not been established. OBJECTIVES To detect hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA in patients with anti-HBc as a unique serological marker, a previously published, cost-effective TaqMan-based real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test with minor groove binding probes was adapted for use in this study. The current study also aimed to investigate HBsAg mutations and genotypes of HBV in OBI at the Viral Hepatitis Ambulatory Clinic in Rio de Janeiro to determine any possible association. METHODS Intra-assay and inter-assay reproducibility were determined, and the mean coefficient of variation values obtained were 2.07 and 3.5, respectively. Probit analysis indicated that the 95% detection level was 25 IU/mL. The prevalence of OBI was investigated in 35 serum samples with an ‘anti-HBc alone’ profile from individuals who attended our clinic between 2011 and 2013. FINDINGS HBV DNA was detected in only one sample, resulting in an OBI rate of 2.9%. Nucleotide sequencing of the pre-S/S region was performed to genotype and analyse mutations within the HBsAg gene of this HBV DNA. The HBV in the OBI case was classified as sub-genotype A1, and a sequence analysis of the small S gene revealed 12 mutations in the major hydrophilic region compared to the consensus A1 sequence. Most of these mutations occurred in amino acid residues that have been reported as clinically relevant because they have been implicated in vaccine escape and/or inability to detect HBsAg by commercial serological assays. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests the importance of specific HBsAg mutations, different from those in D, B, and C genotypes, in sub-genotype A1 HBV associated with OBI.

Nós relatamos o caso de um paciente com início insidioso e lentamente progressivo de declínio cognitivo, sintomas comportamentais, crises convulsivas do lobo temporal e pensamentos delirantes típicos dos delírios monotemáticos de identificação. A apresentação clínica associada aos exames complementares levaram ao diagnóstico de encefalite límbica relacionada a linfoma difuso de grandes células B. O paciente foi submetido a imunoterapia com altas doses de corticoide sem melhora clínica. Não foi realizado tratamento específico para o linfoma em função do paciente ter evoluído para óbito por choque séptico secundário a infecção respiratória nosocomial. Os delírios monotemáticos de identificação representam uma forma única e incomum de comprometimento cognitivo nas quais o paciente consistentemente identifica de forma errônea pessoas, lugares, objetos ou eventos. A síndrome de Capgras é o subtipo mais comum dessas desordens, sendo definida como a crença recorrente e transitória que um impostor substituiu uma pessoa familiar. Essas entidades são geralmente relacionadas com doenças neurodegenerativas e distúrbios psiquiátricos. Raros relatos da associação entre os delírios monotemáticos de identificação e doenças autoimunes como esclerose múltipla foram publicados, porém não há artigos abordando a correlação com encefalite límbica ou linfoma.

We report the case of a patient with insidious onset and slowly progressive cognitive impairment, behavioral symptoms, temporal lobe seizures and delusional thoughts typical of delusional misidentification syndromes. Clinical presentation along with extensive diagnostic work-up revealed limbic encephalitis secondary to diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. The patient underwent immunotherapy with high-dose corticosteroid but no significant improvement was observed. No specific treatment for lymphoma was performed because the patient died of septic shock following a nosocomial respiratory infection. Delusional misidentification syndromes are an unusual and unique form of cognitive impairment in which a patient consistently misidentifies persons, places, objects, or events. Capgras syndrome is the most common subtype of this disorder, being defined by the recurrent and transient belief that someone close has been substituted by an imposter. These entities are generally associated with neurodegenerative diseases and psychiatric disturbances. Rare reports of associations between misidentification syndromes and autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis have been published, but no papers address a correlation with limbic encephalitis or lymphoma.

Resumo A filogenia da subfamília Toxoplasmatinae tem sido amplamente investigada com diversos marcadores moleculares. Neste estudo, a filogenia molecular da subfamília Toxoplasmatinae foi analisada através de genes de apicoplasto e mitocondriais. Foram analisadas sequências parciais de genes de apicoplasto codificadores da protease caseinolítica (clpC), e da subunidade beta da RNA polimerase (rpoB) e de gene mitocondrial codificador de citocromo B (cytB). Foram investigadas cepas adaptadas em laboratório de Sarcocystis neurona eSarcocystis falcatula, parasitos estreitamente relacionados, além de Neospora caninum, Neospora hughesi, Toxoplasma gondii (cepas RH, CTG e PTG),Besnoitia akodoni, Hammondia hammondi e duas linhagens geneticamente divergentes de Hammondia heydorni. A análise molecular, baseada em genes de organelas, não diferenciou claramenteN. caninum de N. hughesi, porém foi possível confirmar as duas linhagens de H. heydorni. Foram encontradas pequenas diferenças entre as cepas adaptadas em laboratório deS. falcatula e S. neurona em todos os marcadores moleculares avaliados. Concluindo, filogenias congruentes foram reconstruídas com os três diferentes genes que podem ser úteis em triagem de parasitos sarcocistídeos não identificados, para identificar sua relação com organismos da família Sarcocystidae. Os estudos evolutivos com genes organelares confirmam que o gênero Hammondia é parafilético. Osprimers utilizados para amplificação declpC e rpoB foram capazes de amplificar sequências genéticas de organismos do gênero Sarcocystis e da subfamília Toxoplasmatinae.

Abstract Phylogenies within Toxoplasmatinae have been widely investigated with different molecular markers. Here, we studied molecular phylogenies of the Toxoplasmatinae subfamily based on apicoplast and mitochondrial genes. Partial sequences of apicoplast genes coding for caseinolytic protease (clpC) and beta subunit of RNA polymerase (rpoB), and mitochondrial gene coding for cytochrome B (cytB) were analyzed. Laboratory-adapted strains of the closely related parasites Sarcocystis falcatula and Sarcocystis neurona were investigated, along with Neospora caninum, Neospora hughesi, Toxoplasma gondii (strains RH, CTG and PTG), Besnoitia akodoni, Hammondia hammondiand two genetically divergent lineages of Hammondia heydorni. The molecular analysis based on organellar genes did not clearly differentiate between N. caninum and N. hughesi, but the two lineages of H. heydorni were confirmed. Slight differences between the strains of S. falcatula and S. neurona were encountered in all markers. In conclusion, congruent phylogenies were inferred from the three different genes and they might be used for screening undescribed sarcocystid parasites in order to ascertain their phylogenetic relationships with organisms of the family Sarcocystidae. The evolutionary studies based on organelar genes confirm that the genusHammondia is paraphyletic. The primers used for amplification of clpC and rpoB were able to amplify genetic sequences of organisms of the genus Sarcocystisand organisms of the subfamily Toxoplasmatinae as well.